Arguing from Definition to Verbal Classification: The Case of Redefining 'Planet' to Exclude Pluto

نویسنده

  • DOUGLAS WALTON
چکیده

The recent redefinition of 'planet' that excludes Pluto as a planet led to controversy that provides a case study of how competing scientific definitions can be supported by characteristic types of evidence. An argumentation scheme from Hastings is used to analyze argument from verbal classification as a form of inference used in rational argumentation. The Toulmin-style format is compared to more recently developed ways of modeling such cases that stem from advances in argumentation technology in artificial intelligence. Using these tools, it is shown how argumentation schemes, in particular argument from verbal classification and argument from definition to verbal classification, apply to cases of scientific argumentation. Resumé: La redéfinition récente de « planète » qui fait sortir Pluton de la classe des planètes a créé une controverse qui nous donne une étude de cas sur la façon que différents types de preuves appuient des définitions scientifiques rivales. À partir d’un schème d’argumentation de Hastings, une analyse des arguments fondés sur une classification verbale présente ceux-ci comme une forme d’inférence employée dans l’argumenttion rationnelle. On compare le format de Toulmin aux façons récentes de repré-senter des cas qui proviennent des progrès de la technologie d’argumentation dans l’intelligence artificielle. On emploie ces outils pour demontrer comment les schèmes d’argumentation, en particulier, les arguments fondés sur une classification verbale ou sur une réflexion qui va de la définition à la classification, s’appliquent aux cas d’argumentation scientifique.

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تاریخ انتشار 2008